Method, composition and device for sampling natriuretic peptides in a biological fluid

ABSTRACT

Disclosed is a composition that synergistically prevents proteolysis or modification of peptides in sampled biological fluids using sulfonyl fluoride family protease inhibitors at high concentrations combined with at least one additional protease inhibitor of a different type, preferably a broad spectrum protease inhibitor, and a chelator. A preferred embodiment uses AEBSF at 10 mM, Benzamidine at 20 mM and EDTA as the chelator. The disclosed composition may be combined with other protease inhibitors to further modulate its specificity, for instance to additionally target acidic proteases. Additional protease inhibitors, reducing agents, stabilizers and buffering agents may be combined with the disclosed compositions in devices for sampling or testing biological fluids for levels of peptides of interest, or methods therefore. The disclosed devices, compositions and methods are of particular use in sampling and testing for the level of natriuretic peptides.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

This disclosure relates generally to sampling natriuretic and otherpeptides in biological fluids, such as blood, urine and the like. Moreparticularly, it relates to preserving a profile of proteins andpeptides of interest in the sampled biological fluid for analysis ascontinued proteolysis or modification of such peptides and proteins maymake subsequent analysis suspect. This disclosure is also useful formonitoring performance of BNP test procedures and biochemical markersused for diagnosis and staging of patients with Congestive Heart Failure(“CHF”).

Heart Failure (“HF”) compromises ventricular systolic or diastolicfunction, or both due to cardiac insufficiency. This reflects theinability of the heart to pump sufficient oxygen-rich blood toaccommodate the body's needs. CHF further includes the accumulation offluids in the lungs and breathlessness (dyspnea). The heart responds tothis perturbation of fluid homeostasis by secreting natriureticpeptides, which assist in combating the accumulation of fluids in thelungs and other effects of CHF and HF.

Natriuretic peptides are a class of hormones that regulate bloodpressure, electrolyte balance, and fluid volume. Natriuretic peptidessecondary structure includes a loop formed by an internal disulfide bondbetween two cysteine residues as shown for Atrial natriuretic peptide(“ANP”) and B-type natriuretic peptide (originally referred to as ‘BrainNatriuretic Peptide,’ (“BNP”)) in FIG. 1. Other natriuretic peptides ofinterest are C-type natriuretic peptide (“CNP”) and Dendroaspisnatriuretic peptide (“DNP”). The latter was originally isolated frommamba snake venom. See, e.g., US Patent Publication No. 20020082219. CNPis primarily secreted by brain substructures and by the endothelium. Itis primarily found in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid with little ifany present in the heart.

The structure, function and processing of natriuretic peptides isconserved across species. All known natriuretic peptides seem to have aninternal loop formed by a disulfide bond. DNP exhibits furthersimilarity to ANP, BNP and CNP and antibodies to DNP tag some Humanepitope(s). DNP has an action similar to that of ANP and BNP, see, e.g.,Singh et al. in Circulation Res. (DOI: 10.1161/01.RES0000232322.06633.d3published online on Jun. 15, 2006), and seemingly has a longer half-lifecompared to ANP and BNP. See, e.g., Lisy et al. (2001) Hypertension 37,pp. 1089-1094. Indeed, putative homologs of human natriuretic peptideshave been isolated in species as distant as fishes including lampreysand hagfishes. See, e.g., Kawakoshi et al. (2006) General andComparative Endocrinology 148, pp. 41-47. These distantly relatedpeptides exhibit conserved processing and cleavage sites and the loopstructure illustrated in FIG. 1.

ANP is a 28-amino acid hormone that originates from the atria of theheart. Within the myocyte, ANP is synthesized as a prepro-ANP (a151-amino acid peptide), which is cleaved to yield pro-ANP (a 126-aminoacid peptide). Pro-ANP is further processed by protease Corin, see,e.g., Wu et al. (2005) Biochimica and Biophysica Acta. 1751:1, pp.82-94. Pro-ANP can also be processed by protease Furin, at least invitro, and serum proteases, such as kallikrein and thrombin to yield the28-amino acid active ANP peptide. See, e.g., Gibson et al. (1987)Endocrinology 120, pp. 764-772. The 28-amino acid ANP peptide is furtherdegraded by a neutral endopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.11). See, e.g., Wu et al.supra.

BNP is a 32-amino acid peptide secreted by myocytes and fibroblasts inthe ventricles in response to increased wall stretch and volumeoverload. Within the myocyte, BNP is synthesized as prepro BNP (a134-amino acid peptide), which is cleaved to yield the secreted proBNP(a 108-amino acid peptide). ProBNP is further processed to yield the32-amino acid active BNP peptide by yet to be definitively identifiedproteases. In vitro, proteases like Corin, see, e.g., Wu et al. supra,and Furin, see, e.g., Sawada et al. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272:33 pp20545-20554 can process prepro BNP. The 32-amino acid BNP peptide can befurther cleaved by endo-peptidases like Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV to yielda 30-amino-acid active natriuretic peptide, which has been observed invitro. In vivo, the 30-amino acid peptide is subjected to proteolysis togenerate several peptides. Multiple peptide fragments of pro-BNP havebeen detected in plasma. See, e.g., Shimizu et al. in Clinica Acta.(2002) 316, pp. 129-135. The 32-amino acid BNP peptide may be alsogenerated by proteases in the circulating blood fluids. See, e.g., Huntet al. (1997) Peptides 18, pp. 1475-1481.

In general, plasma levels of natriuretic peptides reflect a balancebetween secretion of the propeptide, proteolytic processing and theirclearance. BNP is inactivated by proteolysis in addition toreceptor-mediated clearance and filtration by kidneys.

Plasma BNP concentration is one of the most sensitive and specificindicator of congestive heart failure. Plasma concentration of BNPrelated peptides is sharply elevated in patients with CHF. As a result,BNP related peptides are often evaluated in patients arriving at theemergency room with dyspnea. Presently, some assays for the aminoportion of pro-BNP detect both pro-BNP and the cleaved N-terminal partof pro-BNP, Nt-proBNP. As a result, the assay fails to accuratelyestimate pro-BNP levels. Similarly, considerations apply to otherassays.

Nt-proBNP and BNP levels are reliable indicators or markers of clinicalseverity and left ventricular ejection fraction as well as morbidity andmortality. In recent years, Nt-proBNP and BNP have been used to diagnoseand classify CHF severity. According to the CHF classification adoptedby the New York Heart Association (“NYHA”), the mean concentrations ofBNP progressively increase from stage I to IV. For instance, mean BNPconcentrations of 71 pg/ml, 204 pg/ml, 349 pg/ml, and 1022 pg/mlcorresponded to CHF stages I through IV respectively. Stage IV of CHFrepresents the highest severity of cardiac disease resulting ininability to carry on any physical activity without discomfort. Apatient in this stage of the disease may have symptoms of heart diseaseor the coronary syndrome even at rest with increasing discomfort if anyphysical activity is undertaken.

Much of the detectable BNP in circulation in patients suffering from CHFseems to be in the form of relatively inactive precursors or fragmentsof BNP. Many additional undetectable (by assays in use presently)fragments of BNP may well be circulating with unknown biologicaleffects. See, e.g., Heublein et al. (2007) Hypertension 49, pp.1114-1119. Sampling errors due to continued processing of BNP relatedpeptide fragments add to the uncertainty in evaluating BNP production bya subject.

Entire BNP, BNP₁₋₃₂, reportedly is a substrate for endopeptidaseDipeptidyl-Peptidase IV (DPP IV), see, e.g., Brandt et al. (2006)Clinical Chemistry 52, pp. 82-87, which shortens it by removing twoN-terminal residues to generate BNP₃₋₃₂, which is also biologicallyactive. BNP₃₋₃₂ is further degraded by other proteases, see, e.g.,Pankow et al. in Circulation Res. of Sep. 6, 2007 online publicationDOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.153585 to generate additional peptides.Proteases like thrombin, plasmin and the like are also capable ofcleaving pro-BNP at least in vitro. See, e.g., Hunt et al. Supra. Suchproteolysis is expected to add to sampling errors due to continuedproteolysis of sampled BNP. BNP also induces Matrix Metalloproteinases.See, e.g., Tsuruda et al. (2002) Circulation Res. 91, pp. 1127. Somemetalloproteinases are known to further proteolyze BNP, see, e.g.,Pankow supra. Thus, a large number of proteases are a potential sourceof sampling errors.

As a result, sampling the blood or another biological fluid from apatient typically provides an inaccurate representation of BNP relatedpeptides, information that is important for diagnostic applications andother uses. See, e.g., Daniel L. Dries (2007) Hypertension 49, pp.971-973. This lack of clarity is due to the possibility that BNP relatedpeptides continue to be subject to proteolysis after sampling, includingproteolysis by proteinases induced by BNP or the act of sampling itself.

There have been many attempts to employ sampling and processing methodsto reduce or eliminate the artifacts introduced by such ongoingproteolysis. Many serine proteases are known to act on BNP, itsproteolytic products or its precursors. For non-fluid tissues, boilingin water is assumed to inactivate proteases. See, e.g., Hunt et al. inPeptides (1997) 18, pp. 1475-1481. Investigators purifying BNP fromtissue have reported the use of serine proteases inhibitors likeaprotinin or a combination of aprotinin and benzamidine for preventingBNP proteolysis. See, e.g., Tsuji et al. in Clin. Chem. (1994) 40, pp.672-3. Among the many suggestions for controlling induction of proteasesby the act of sampling is the use of plastic tubes. Also available areblood collection tubes containing protease inhibitors. An example is BDP100 v1.1 blood collection vacuum tubes (Becton, Dickinson, and Companycatalog no. 8013142). Protease inhibitors like PPACK I, PPACK II andProtease inhibitor cocktail set III from Calbiochem provide broadspectrum protease inhibition. However, these inhibitors are not entirelysuitable for applications such as sampling natriuretic peptides andtheir fragments or precursors due to both technical limitations andtheir cost (see infra). When sampling blood, protease inhibitors likeAEBSF and Benzamidine have been used to arrest proteolysis at relativelylow concentrations—in part to avoid covalent modification of the sampledproteins.

Many insufficiently effective approaches have been adopted to reduceproteolysis of BNP and other peptides. These methods include use ofplastic tubes or adding EDTA to the collected samples or broad-spectrumprotease inhibitors ROCHE™ supplies AEBSF(4-(2-Aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride), awater-soluble serine protease inhibitor with a molecular weight of 239.5Da under the trade name PEFABLOC SC™. AEBSF inhibits proteases likechymotrypsin, kallikrein, plasmin, thrombin, and trypsin. Typicalworking concentrations are in the range of at 0.1-1.0 mM with stocksolutions at 100 mM.

As to AEBSF, ROCHE™ provides notice that at high concentrations it formscovalent adducts with proteins and peptides. Thus, such inhibitors areused at about the recommended concentration range, see, e.g., thedisclosed use of AEBSF at 0.125 mM in US Patent Publication No.2006/0183681 (discussed infra). However, ROCHE™ also sells a proprietarycomposition together with the inhibitor in a package, e.g.,PEFABLOC^(PLUS)™ (or PEFABLOC SC PLUS™). It is unknown if formation ofadducts is adequately prevented at concentrations of interest forsampling blood and plasma like fluids. Further, as discussed above,proteases in addition to serine proteases are responsible for andcapable of degrading BNP and related peptides in plasma, which proteasesare not effectively inhibited by AEBSF.

An illustrative example, US Patent Publication No. 2006/0183681 (“the'681 publication”) describes well-known protease inhibitors to preventfurther hydrolysis of BNP. The '681 publication teaches preparing aserum based standard, see, e.g., paragraph 42 of the '681 publication,by pooling sampled blood plasma, defibrinating it followed bydelipidizing it and then adjusting the total protein concentrationfollowed by the addition of protease inhibitors benzamidine and AEBSF toa final concentration of 9.5 mM and 0.125 mM respectively and thenspiking it with a predetermined amount of BNP. This serum-basedpreparation is stable for several days at −20° C. The publication doesnot describe the process by which plasma is obtained or the effect ofthe long time taken to process the sampled plasma on the level ofendogenous BNP and peptides related to it. Indeed, sampling biologicalfluids is not addressed nor are problems peculiar to such samplingidentified or any solutions suggested.

US Patent Publication 2004/0067889 (“the '889 Publication”) disclosescompositions for preserving BNP in sampled biological fluids. The '889Publication discloses that protease inhibitors PPACK and PPRACK are mosteffective in arresting proteolysis of BNP in sampled blood or plasma.Further, these inhibitors are effective alone or in combination withAEBSF, leupeptin and antipain as well as benzamidine. The '889Publication posits that structural similarity between proteaseinhibitors and regions of BNP is responsible for the effectiveness ofthe protease inhibitors in stabilizing BNP.

The '889 Publication does not disclose effective and efficientcompositions for sampling a biological fluid and preserving a peptideprofile therein based on synergy between two or more constituents of thecompositions. Further, the '889 Publication does not disclose efficientand effective protease inhibitor compositions that do not exhibitartifacts due to formation of adducts with the sampled peptide orprotein. Indeed, PPACK and PPACK II are expensive protease inhibitors,indeed significantly more expensive than AEBSF. Therefore, an efficientmethod for preventing proteolysis after sampling is not disclosed to onehaving ordinary skill in the art.

A number of point-of-care diagnostic tests for BNP are available. ABBOTTAxSYM™, BAYER ADVIA CENTAUR™, and BIOSITE TRIAGE™ BNP assays are some ofthe most widely used quantitative test methods for determination of BNP.The ABBOTT AxSYM™ assay utilizes the Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay(MEIA) technology, which uses microparticles coated with anti-BNPmonoclonal antibodies that bind to human BNP antigen. Theseantigen-antibody complexes on the microparticles bind a monoclonalanti-BNP alkaline phosphatase conjugate capable of yielding afluorescent product. The fluorescent intensity is used to determine BNPlevels. The BIOSITE TRIAGE™ BNP assay is an immunofluorometric assay. Inthis assay, a rabbit recombinant polyclonal antibody is bound to thefluorescent label, and a murine monoclonal antibody against thedisulfide bond-mediated ring structure of BNP is bound to the solidphase. In this assay plasma is treated with fluorescent antibodyconjugates and complexes of BNP and the fluorescent antibody conjugateare captured on a detection lane. The concentration of BNP in thespecimen is proportional to the fluorescence from bound complexes. TheBAYER ADVIA CENTAUR™ assay is a two-site sandwich immunoassay with anacridinium ester labeled monoclonal mouse anti-human BNP (specific tothe ring structure on BNP) as the first antibody and a biotinylatedmonoclonal mouse anti-human antibody (specific to the C-terminal portionof BNP) as the second antibody (solid phase). The complex is furthercoupled to streptavidin magnetic particles. The lower limits ofdetection for the ABBOTT AxSYM™, BIOSITE TRIAGE™, and BAYER ADVIACENTAUR™ BNP assays are 15, 5, and 2 pg/mL, respectively.

BNP and similar peptides exhibit poor stability in serum or plasma. BNPis cleared from circulation by specific cellular receptors and proteasesincluding endopeptidases. A reason for the poor stability of BNP, inaddition to proteolysis by multiple natural proteases in plasma orserum, is due to excretion by the kidneys and clearance by uptakethrough Natriuretic Peptide Receptor C (NPR-C), which in kidneys isprimarily distributed in the podocyte region. NPR-C potentially providesa mechanism to down regulate BNP levels. As a result, the half-life(t_(1/2)) of BNP in vivo is of the order of approximately 20 minutes orso.

Notwithstanding the above difficulties, plasma BNP concentration is apreferred marker for diagnosis and prognosis of cardiac function andacute myocardial infarction. Plasma concentrations of BNP increase witha decline in heart function. Potentially BNP can serve as the preferredbiochemical marker for pre-screening patients for further cardiacinvestigations and/or treatment. However, the limited stability ofsampled BNP makes this difficult. In vitro, BNP is rapidly proteolyzed,for example, within 24 h of separation of plasma from whole blood. See,e.g., Belenky et al. in Clinica Chimica Acta (2004) 340, 163-172.Progressive degradation during refrigerated storage makes accuratemeasurement of BNP challenging.

Thus, currently used quantitative tests for BNP likely include avoidableerrors due to continued proteolysis of proBNP and BNP fragments aftersampling. Such errors may result in either overestimation orunderestimation of circulating BNP related peptide species.

The sampling technique itself becomes important for determining thelevel of the peptide of interest in general even in case of peptidesother than natriuretic peptides.

Therefore, there exists a need for a sampling method, device andcomposition to allow accurate sampling of BNP and other peptides inbiological fluids for subsequent assays.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

Disclosed herein are both the problems underlying sampling biologicalfluids for analysis of peptides therein and solutions thereto. Morespecifically, disclosed is a composition that synergistically preventsproteolysis of peptides in sampled biological fluids using sulfonylfluoride family protease inhibitors at high concentrations combined withat least one additional protease inhibitor of a different type,preferably a broad spectrum protease inhibitor, and a chelator. Apreferred embodiment uses AEBSF at 10 mM, Benzamidine at 20 mM andethylenediamine tetracetic acid (“EDTA”). In another preferredembodiment, Benzamidine can be replaced by leupeptin, an inhibitor oflysosomal proteases. The disclosed composition may be combined withother protease inhibitors to further modulate its specificity, forinstance to additionally target acid proteases.

Disclosed preferred compositions combine a sulfonyl fluoride proteaseinhibitor with another protease inhibitor in a proportion to essentiallyeliminate the formation of adducts due to the sulfonyl fluoride proteaseinhibitor being at a final concentration above or about 2.5 mM, and achelator. The sulfonyl fluoride protease inhibitor is used at varioushigh concentrations, such as 10 mM in another preferred embodiment.Additional protease inhibitors, reducing agents, stabilizers andbuffering agents may be combined with the preferred compositions.

The disclosed compositions synergistically not only prevent proteolysisby proteases present in sampled biological fluids, but also arrest theformation of adducts on proteins and peptides of interest, a commonproblem in using sulfonyl fluoride based protease inhibitors whilebroadening the extent of inhibition of proteolysis and preventing thecoagulation of blood. Samples collected using the disclosedcompositions, for instance in devices incorporating the same, may bestored at room temperature for several hours or frozen for lateranalysis after even several months. Most specifically, this compositionis useful for sampling and determining the level of natriuretic peptideslike BNP.

The peptides of interest include natriuretic peptides (native,synthetic, or recombinant). The peptide profile may includecontributions from a synthetic natriuretic peptide, including when thelevel of an administered or induced natriuretic peptide is monitored.Preferably, the sampled peptide or protein profile is that of anaturally occurring natriuretic peptide. Preferably, the administered orinduced natriuretic peptide is selected from the set consisting of ANPand BNP. More specifically, the disclosure includes sampling mammalian,including human, plasma or serum, especially human plasma or serum, andmore particularly, processed human plasma. Still more specifically isdisclosed the effectiveness of one or more optionally substituted alkylor aryl sulfonyl fluoride protease inhibitors and benzamidine or anotherbroad spectrum protease inhibitor or a lysosomal protease inhibitor inpreserving the peptide profile for subsequent analysis.

Therefore, disclosed herein is a composition of matter for sampling aprotein profile in a biological fluid of interest, comprising aneffective amount of a first alkyl or aryl sulfonyl fluoride proteaseinhibitor and an effective amount of a second protease inhibitorselected from the group consisting of a lysosomal protease inhibitor andan additional broad spectrum protease inhibitor, wherein the additionalbroad spectrum protease inhibitor inhibits serine proteases; and aneffective amount of chelator. This combination also prevents coagulationof blood if blood is the sampled biological fluid.

Notably, essentially no adducts are formed in the sampled proteinprofile due to the presence of the sulfonyl fluoride protease inhibitor.This combination of chelator and protease inhibitors is economical, easyto manufacture and leaves the sampled biological fluid essentiallyunmodified by the formation of adducts even when the samples are storedfor two hours at room temperature and/or for six months at seventydegrees centigrade below zero.

In a preferred embodiment, the disclosed composition contains as thechelator, ethylene diamine tetracetic acid. In a preferred embodiment,the disclosed composition includes as the first protease inhibitorAEBSF. In a preferred embodiment, the disclosed composition includes asthe second protease inhibitor benzamidine. Alternatively, the secondprotease inhibitor may be selected to be leupeptin.

An alternative to the choice of AEBSF as the first protease inhibitor isa sulfonyl fluoride is selected from (2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonylfluoride, phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride,4-amidinophenyl-methanesulfonyl fluoride, 3-acetylbenzenesulfonylfluoride, 2-aminobenzenesulfonyl fluoride,3-(3-chlorophenoxyacetamido)benzenesulfonyl fluoride, and peptideaminobenzene sulfonyl fluorides.

Also disclosed are devices useful for sampling a protein profile in abiological fluid of interest, comprising a component for receiving afluid fraction of the biological fluid, the component containing aneffective amount of a first alkyl or aryl sulfonyl fluoride serineprotease inhibitor; and an effective amount of a second proteaseinhibitor selected from the group consisting of a lysosomal proteaseinhibitor and an additional broad spectrum serine protease inhibitor;and wherein the sampled protein profile is not modified by the formationof adducts due to the protease inhibitors upon incubation for at leastfour hours at room temperature. The protease inhibitor-chelatorcomposition may be present in a solid form, including a lyophilizedform, or as a liquid. This combination is economical, easy tomanufacture and leaves the sampled biological fluid essentiallyunmodified by the formation of adducts even when the samples are storedfor four hours at room temperature and/or for six months at seventydegrees centigrade below zero.

Also disclosed is a method for sampling a biological fluid by adding aneffective amount of metal chelator upon sampling the biological fluid,adding an effective amount of a first alkyl or aryl sulfonyl fluorideserine protease inhibitor, and adding an effective amount of a secondprotease inhibitor selected from the group consisting of a lysosomalprotease inhibitor and an additional broad spectrum serine proteaseinhibitor. This combination is economical, easy to manufacture andleaves the sampled biological fluid essentially unmodified by theformation of adducts even when the samples are stored for four hours atroom temperature and/or for six months at seventy degrees centigradebelow zero.

These and other features are described with the assistance of theillustrative figures and charts described next.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the amino acid sequence and the two dimensional structureof ANP and BNP.

FIG. 2 depicts the time course of BNP₁₋₃₂ proteolysis as revealed bymass spectrometry (“MSIA”). BNP₁₋₃₂ was added to heparin plasma at 100ng/mL and followed by incubation at room temperature for 6 hours.Aliquots were removed and analyzed by MSIA every hour to monitor theprogress of BNP proteolysis.

FIG. 3 shows the time course of BNP species as a fraction of total BNPspecies during BNP proteolysis. Each of BNP species is estimated fromthe intensity of its peak in the mass spectra of FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 shows BNP proteolysis in blood collected using BD P100 bloodcollection tubes. The time course shows that the protease inhibitors inBD P100 prevent the hydrolysis from proceeding beyond the formation ofBNP₃₋₃₂.

FIG. 5 shows BNP proteolysis in plasma treated with the proteaseinhibitor cocktail set III (EMD catalog no. 535140). The time courseshows that the protease inhibitors reduce BNP hydrolysis, and also leadto the generation of covalent adducts over time (indicated by the peaksat higher m/z).

FIG. 6 shows BNP proteolysis in plasma treated with the proteaseinhibitor Pepstatin A (Calbiochem catalog no. 516482). The time courseof both the mass spectra and the composition of BNP show little or noeffect on BNP proteolysis.

FIG. 7 shows BNP proteolysis in plasma treated with the proteaseinhibitor E64 (Calbiochem catalog no. 324890). The time course of boththe mass spectra and the composition of BNP show little or no effect onBNP proteolysis.

FIG. 8 shows BNP proteolysis in plasma treated with the proteaseinhibitor Bestatin (Calbiochem catalog no. 200484). The time course ofboth the mass spectra and the composition of BNP show that 0.5 mMBestatin has little or no effect on BNP proteolysis.

FIG. 9 shows BNP proteolysis in plasma treated with the proteaseinhibitor Leupeptin (Calbiochem catalog no. 108975). The time course ofboth the mass spectra and the composition of BNP show the ability of 1mM Leupeptin slow BNP proteolysis.

FIG. 10 shows reduced BNP proteolysis in plasma treated with theprotease inhibitor AEBSF at 1 mM for up to 3 hours.

FIG. 11 shows reduced BNP proteolysis in plasma treated with theprotease inhibitor AEBSF at 2.5 mM or 5 mM.

FIG. 12 shows reduced BNP proteolysis in plasma treated with theprotease inhibitor PPACK I.

FIG. 13 shows reduced BNP proteolysis in plasma treated with theprotease inhibitor PPACK II.

FIG. 14 shows reduced BNP proteolysis in plasma treated with theprotease inhibitor Benzamidine at 1 mM.

FIG. 15 shows almost complete inhibition of BNP proteolysis in plasmatreated with a cocktail of protease inhibitors consisting of 2.5 mMAEBSF and 2.5 mM Leupeptin.

FIG. 16 shows BNP proteolysis in plasma from blood collected in heparinblood collection tubes (set of spectra on left) or in EDTA bloodcollection tubes (set of spectra at right). Collection tubes with EDTAreduce BNP hydrolysis leading to the formation of BNP₃₋₃₂.

FIG. 17 shows prevention of BNP proteolysis in plasma from bloodcollected in EDTA tubes containing 10 mM AEBSF and 20 mM Benzamidine.The mass spectra demonstrate little change in the BNP profile over a2-hour period of incubating the BNP₁₋₃₂.

FIG. 18 shows BNP stability over a six-month period in plasma from bloodcollected using EDTA tubes. Protease inhibitors (10 mM AEBSF and 20 mMBenzamidine) were added subsequent to the collection of blood in an EDTAtube and after brief degradation of BNP₁₋₃₂ in blood. Plasma retrievedfrom the centrifugation of the whole blood was stored at −70° C.Aliquots of stored plasma were tested on the day of collection and sixmonths later. Biotinylated BNP (bBNP) was added to serve as an internalreference in the aliquot tested six months later. Ratios between BNP₁₋₃₂and BNP₃₋₃₂ are largely unchanged.

FIG. 19 shows BNP stability over a six-month period in plasma from bloodcollected in tubes containing EDTA. BNP₁₋₃₂ was added subsequent to thecollection of blood and plasma retrieved from the centrifugation of thewhole blood stored at −70° C. Aliquots of stored plasma were tested theday of collection and six months later. Added biotinylated BNP (bBNP)served as an internal reference in the aliquot tested six months later.Comparison of the ratio of the peak intensities of BNP₁₋₃₂ versusBNP3-32 demonstrates the proteolysis of BNP₁₋₃₂ leading to the formationof BNP₃₋₃₂.

FIG. 20 shows the prevention of BNP hydrolysis in EDTA collection tubescontaining 10 mM AEBSF and 20 mM Benzamidine. Blood was collected inEDTA tubes and treated with 10 mM AEBSF and 20 mM Benzamidine.Synthesized BNP peptides BNP₁₋₃₂, BNP₃₋₃₂, BNP₂₋₃₁, BNP₅₋₃₂, BNP₅₋₃₁,BNP₄₋₂₇ were then added to the collected blood prior to the preparationof plasma. An aliquot was tested for stability of BNP peptides prior tostorage and after storing the plasma for 7 weeks at −70° C. Comparisonof ratios between BNP peptides before storage versus after 7 weeks ofstorage provides evidence of the stability of the BNP peptides in thepresence of EDTA, 10 mM AEBSF and 20 mM Benzamidine.

FIG. 21 shows a comparison of BNP stability in plasma from a HF patient(top) versus from a healthy individual (bottom) using the developedprotocol for sample collection. Blood was collected from both a healthyand HF patient using the EDTA vacuum containers containing the proteaseinhibitors AEBSF and Benzamidine. The plasma collected from the bloodsamples was investigated for BNP using the BNP-specific MSIA.

FIG. 22 shows two devices for sampling fluids with the aid of thedisclosed compositions to reduce or eliminate modification of thesampled protein profile.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The disclosure enables sampling of biological fluids to preserve theprofile of peptides therein, for instance to monitor the level oreffectiveness of natriuretic peptides, such as ANP, BNP, CNP and DNP.The samples are also useful for assaying for peptides other thannatriuretic peptides.

As used herein, the terms “natriuretic peptide” and “natriureticpeptides” include such peptides in general, particularly ANP, BNP, CNPand DNP, as well as precursors of such peptides such as pro- andprepro-peptides, for example proBNP and preproBNP described above. Thisterm includes such substances whether exogenous or endogenous, whetherexisting naturally, or synthesized, or prepared using recombinant DNAtechniques.

As used herein, “effective amount” is the amount of a substance that canbe determined without undue experimentation in view of this disclosureand the current state of the art. An effective amount of a proteaseinhibitor or chelator is the weight or volume added to an expectedvolume of sampled biological fluid to ensure the concentration of theprotease inhibitor or chelator is at or above the effectiveconcentration. Such a volume of sampled biological fluid may be referredto as an effective volume.

Sulfonyl fluorides exhibiting serine protease inhibitory activity incombination with one or more of lysosomal protease inhibitors leupeptin,and broad spectrum protease inhibitors like benzamidine are suitable foruse in the disclosed compositions. Notably, preferred proteaseinhibitors inhibit serine protease activity and can react covalentlywith the serine residue at the catalytic site of serine proteases.

The sulfonyl fluorides suitable for use in the compositions, kits andmethods of this disclosure include optionally substituted alkyl and arylsulfonyl fluorides and inhibit proteolytic activities of trypsin,chymotrypsin, elastase, plasmin, thrombin, or kallikrein (usingsubstrates such as labeled casein or other suitable peptide substrates).

The term “alkyl” as used herein means a straight or branched chain, ornon-aromatic cyclical, hydrocarbon radical, or combination thereofincluding optionally substituted variations. Permissible substituentsinclude those commonly found for such moieties, provided that they donot significantly interfere with the protease-inhibiting activity of thecompound in question.

As used herein, “aryl” refers to a polyunsaturated, typically aromatic,hydrocarbon substituent, including optionally substituted variations.

This disclosure bases the suitability of alkyl and aryl sulfonylfluorides as components in a sampling device, composition or method, inpart, on the ability of the disclosed combinations to overcome adductformation while providing broad spectrum protease inhibition for samplepreservation in view of the proteases encountered in sampled biologicalfluids, such as human serum or plasma, that rapidly cleave natriureticpeptides, as described in this disclosure.

A preferred protease inhibitor in the sulfonyl fluoride class is(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride (AEBSF, Formula: C₈H₁₀NO₂SF.HCl,Molecular Weight: 239.7). It shows broad inhibitory activity with slowhydrolysis under weak basic conditions (pH 8-9) and is water-soluble.Other candidate sulfonyl fluorides include, for example, methanesulfonylfluoride, phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF).

A useful addition in a preferred embodiment, to sulfonyl fluorideprotease inhibitors is Benzamidine (Formula: C₆H₅C(NH)NH₂HCl, MolecularWeight: 156.6), which is a broad-spectrum protease inhibitor that alsoinhibits serine proteases.

A useful addition in a preferred embodiment, to sulfonyl fluorideprotease inhibitors is Leupeptin, which is a broad-spectrum lysosomalprotease inhibitor that also inhibits serine proteases.

A useful addition to sulfonyl fluoride protease inhibitor containingcombinations of two or more protease inhibitors is a chelator. In apreferred embodiment, the chelator is ethylenediamine tetracetic acid(“EDTA”).

Additional useful additions to the disclosed compositions of two or moreprotease inhibitors, at least one of which is a sulfonyl fluoride, and achelator are additional protease inhibitors and their mixtures.

In general, to provide satisfactory stability for the natriureticpeptide, the sulfonyl fluoride and benzamidine protease inhibitor isemployed in an appropriate amount. Thus, sampling devices, compositionsand methods use about 5.0 mM to about 100 mM, preferably from about 10mM to about 50 mM of the sulfonyl fluoride protease inhibitor incombination with about 5.0 mM to about 100 mM, preferably from about 10mM to about 50 mM, and most preferably about 20 mM of benzamidineprotease inhibitor. In alternative embodiments, a broad-spectrumlysosomal protease inhibitor like leupeptin may be used instead of or inaddition to benzamidine. The concentration of leupeptin is preferablyabout 2.5 mM or more, more preferably about 5.0 mM or more, and mostpreferably about at least 10 mM. Such concentrations of proteaseinhibitors are referred to herein as “an effective amount” because theysubstantially prevent the formation of adducts due to the use ofsulfonyl fluorides while enhancing broad-spectrum protease inhibition,particularly in combination with a chelating agent like EDTA.

The following examples and description illustrate the compositions andembodiments incorporating the compositions disclosed herein.

The desirability of measuring the levels of various species ofnatriuretic peptides has been discussed (supra) in the context of BNPand diagnosis/prognosis of heart failure (HF) and disturbances in fluidhomeostasis. It is further desirable to preserve the sampled peptideprofile without chemical modifications due to the formation of adductsor continued proteolysis.

Natriuretic peptides are not only important markers of heart failure andother disordered involving fluid homeostasis; they are also ofsignificance in therapeutic settings. Many clinical trials and patientinvestigations, result in the need to preserve biological fluid samplesfor later analysis or for comparison with samples of other patients andstandards. This requires careful preservation of the peptide profilepresent at the time samples are collected. The disclosed compositionprovides a solution to this problem.

Simple pro-BNP processing scheme suggests 2 circulating pro-BNP derivedpeptides, which are assumed to be detected by commercially available BNPor NT-pro-BNP assays. However, there is evidence that additional formsof BNP are present in circulation and other biological fluids becauseBNP-32 undergoes further hydrolysis, generating a BNP form that lacksthe two N-terminal amino acid residues (BNP₃₋₃₂ or proBNP₇₉₋₁₀₈) due tothe action of DPP IV. The extent of proteolysis encountered makesinterpretation and evaluation of data difficult, especially afterpassage of time. Further, robust point-of-care devices that do notrequire immediate access to refrigeration is complicated by theproteolysis. This proteolysis is further described in Example 1 andTable 1.

EXAMPLE 1

In order to observe, characterize and identify the BNP hydrolysisproducts a Mass Spectrometric Immunoassay (MSIA) was developed andemployed in the analysis of BNP. This technique is broadly described in,e.g., Nelson et al. (1995) Anal. Chem. 67, 1153-1158; Tubbs et al.(2001) Anal. Biochem. 289, 26-35; Kieman et al. (2002) Anal. Biochem.301, 49-56; Niederkofler et al. (2003) J. Lipid Res. 44, 630-639 andU.S. Pat. Nos. 6,783,672; 6,974,704; 7,083,723; 7,083,724; 7,087,163;7,087,164; 7,087,165; and 7,087,163. The basic methodology is describedin the context of BNP although the technique is also applicable to ANPand other peptides of interest.

Briefly, MSIA entails the use of affinity capture, to extract BNP andmany of its' hydrolysis products for mass spectrometric detection, toobserve and identify products of BNP hydrolysis. Therefore, synthesizedBNP₁₋₃₂ was added to room temperature plasma (from blood collected inheparinized blood collection tubes). At a several times post-spikingBNP₁₋₃₂ into the plasma, aliquots of the spiked plasma were analyzed tomonitor the progress of BNP₁₋₃₂ hydrolysis. The results of performing aseries of analyses on aliquots removed and analyzed every hour for up tosix hours post-addition of BNP₁₋₃₂ at 100 ng/mL are shown in FIG. 2. Theanalysis at time zero shows a large dominant peak corresponding toBNP₁₋₃₂, as indicated by the appearance of a peak at 3465.8 m/z (inagreement with the theoretical mass of BNP₁₋₃₂, 3465.08), as well asproducts of BNP hydrolysis indicated by the presence of peaks at 3280m/z, 3171 m/z and 3015 m/z corresponding to the masses of BNP₃₋₃₂,BNP₁₋₃₀ and BNP₁₋₂₉ or BNP₄₋₃₁. The last two species areindistinguishable in the chart due to similar amino acid compositions.The molecular weight for each of the identified BNP hydrolysis peptidesis given in TABLE 1 below:

TABLE 1 MOLECULAR WEIGHTS OF VARIOUS BNP FRAGMENTS BNP [aa] [1-32][3-32] [2-31] [1-30] MW 3465.08 Da 3280.88 Da 3240.86 Da 3171.75 Da[4-32] [1-29] or [3-30] [1-28] [4-30] 3152.71 Da [4-31] 2987.56 Da2902.40 Da 2859.38 Da 3015.56 Da [2-28] [4-29] [4-28] [1-25] or [6-29]2815.33 Da 2703.19 Da 2590.04 Da [5-29] 2473.87 Da 2572.00 Da

As BNP₁₋₃₂ incubates in the plasma at room temperature, it continues tohydrolyze, creating even more of the previously observed hydrolysisproducts as well as even smaller ones. Four hours after the addition ofBNP₁₋₃₂ to room temperature plasma, all of the BNP₁₋₃₂ appears to havebeen processed into smaller peptides, with the dominant species BNP₃₋₃₂,BNP₁₋₂₅ and BNP₅₋₂₉ (with the last two being indistinguishable from oneanther due to their similar amino acid composition).

Plotting the percentage of each species with respect to the total amountover time, the rate at which one peptide is produced and then processedinto smaller peptides can be illustrated as is shown in FIG. 3. Thistype of plot is useful for monitoring BNP hydrolysis and the efficiencyof protease inhibitors in preventing the BNP₁₋₃₂ hydrolysis.

EXAMPLE 2

Studies to identify protease inhibitors able to prevent BNP₁₋₃₂hydrolysis began with screening. First tested was the protease inhibitorcocktails used in the Becton Dikinson collection tubes (BD P100 v.1.1tubes).

Commercially available protease inhibitor cocktail in the BD P100 v1.1blood collection vacuum tubes (Becton, Dickinson, and Company catalogno. 8013142) was tested for arresting the hydrolysis of BNP. Shown inFIG. 4 are the illustrative results of sequentially analyzing samplesfrom plasma that was provided from blood collected using BD P100 v1.1and spiked with BNP₁₋₃₂. Observed in each of the mass spectra are twospecies of BNP, the intact form of BNP₁₋₃₂ and the truncated BNP form ofBNP₃₋₃₂ due to hydrolysis of BNP₁₋₃₂. The plot of percentage of BNPspecies over time shows that after only 30 minutes half of the BNP₁₋₃₂has been converted into BNP₃₋₃₂, demonstrating the inability of theprotease inhibitors provided by the BD P100 to prevent the hydrolysis ofBNP₁₋₃₂.

EXAMPLE 3

Another commercially available cocktail of protease inhibitors testedwas the protease inhibitor cocktail set III (diluted 1 to 10 in plasma)provided by EMD (catalog no. 535140). Once again, heparin plasma wastreated with this protease inhibitor cocktail set followed by theaddition of BNP₁₋₃₂ and incubation at room temperature. Aliquots werecollected every 30 to 60 minutes and tested for BNP hydrolysis. Theresults of the mass spectral analyses of the aliquots, as well as theplot of the percentage of BNP species over time are shown in FIG. 5.Observed is that protease inhibitor cocktail set III prevents or slowsthe hydrolysis of BNP₁₋₃₂, but in addition to preventing the hydrolysisof BNP, the protease inhibitor cocktail results in adduct formation,which adducts are indicated by the peaks located at a slightly highermass than the BNP₁₋₃₂. The extent of adduct formation increasessignificantly with incubation time.

Protease inhibitor cocktail set III consists of 100 mM AEBSFhydrochloride (Calbiochem catalog no. 101500), 80 μM Aprotinin(Calbiochem catalog no. 616371), 5 mM Bestatin (Calbiochem catalog no.200484), 1.5 mM E-64 (Calbiochem catalog no. 324890), 2 mM Leupeptinhemisulfate (Calbiochem catalog no. 108975), a lysosomal proteaseinhibitor, and 1 mM Pepstatin A (Calbiochem catalog no. 516482), whichis an acid protease inhibitor.

Nevertheless, cocktail set III is not satisfactory because it is unableto faithfully preserve the profiled of the peptides and fragments ofinterest, which in this case is BNP

EXAMPLE 4

Next, the individual protease inhibitors, including some of thoseincluded in protease inhibitor cocktail set III (EMD) were tested usingthe protocols described supra. Briefly, aliquots of heparin plasma weretreated with each one of the protease inhibitors. To each aliquot ofplasma, BNP₁₋₃₂ was added at 10 ng/mL and incubated at room temperature.Aliquots were sequentially removed and analyzed for BNP hydrolysis.

Pepstatin A at 0.1 mM did not appreciably prevent the hydrolysis of BNP,as illustrated in FIG. 6.

E64 at 1 mM did not appreciably prevent the hydrolysis of BNP, asillustrated in FIG. 7.

Bestatin at 0.5 mM did not appreciably prevent the hydrolysis of BNP, asillustrated in FIG. 8.

EXAMPLE 5

Further testing identified Leupeptin and AEBSF as possessing someinhibitory activity. Briefly, aliquots of heparin plasma were treatedwith each one of these protease inhibitors. To each aliquot of plasma,BNP₁₋₃₂ was added at 10 ng/mL and incubated at room temperature.Aliquots were sequentially removed and analyzed for BNP hydrolysis.

Leupeptin at 0.1 mM slowed the hydrolysis of BNP, as illustrated in FIG.9.

AEBSF at 1 mM slowed the hydrolysis of BNP as is illustrated in FIG. 10.

At a higher concentrations of 2.5 mM and 5 mM AEBSF almost completelyinhibited the hydrolysis of BNP as is illustrated in FIG. 11, but at thesame time it caused adduct formation, which is illustrated in FIG. 11.

EXAMPLE 6

Further testing added to the list of inexpensive protease inhibitorseffective in combination with AEBSF in avoiding adducts starting withbenzamidine hydrochloride (Calbiochem catalog no. 199001). Benzamidinehydrochloride possesses inhibitory activity in its own right. Briefly,aliquots of heparin plasma were treated with the protease inhibitor. Toeach aliquot of plasma, BNP₁₋₃₂ was added at 10 ng/mL and incubated atroom temperature. Aliquots were sequentially removed and analyzed forBNP hydrolysis.

In addition, PPACK I dihydrochloride (Calbiochem catalog no. 520222) andPPACK II trifluoroacetate salt (Calbiochem catalog no. 520219) were alsotested at a concentration of 1 mM each. PPACK I and PPACK II slowed therate of BNP hydrolysis as is illustrated in FIGS. 12 and 13respectively.

Benzamidine hydrochloride at 1 mM slowed the hydrolysis of BNP as isshown in FIG. 14, and it did so better than PPACK I and PPACK II, but itwas not as effective as AEBSF.

EXAMPLE 7

Pairing individual protease inhibitors at appropriate concentrationsavoided the formation of adducts to a significant degree. Proteaseinhibitors observed to have complimentary activity further improved theinhibitory activity of the combination in a synergistic manner uponpairing. Paired protease inhibitors were evaluated for theireffectiveness in (i) preventing the hydrolysis of BNP from BNP₁₋₃₂ to aparticular hydrolysis product (e.g. BNP₃₋₃₂), or, alternatively (ii)reducing the hydrolysis of BNP across the board.

The cocktail of AEBSF and Leupeptin both at 2.5 mM concentrationssignificantly slowed to the point of almost eliminating detectable BNPhydrolysis as is illustrated in FIG. 15. As is seen, with the higherconcentration of Leupeptin being used, the concentration of AEBSF couldbe lowered, although it still remained above the range recommended byROCHE™ (see supra). Adduct formation was also eliminated by usingBenzamidine at about 10-fold higher concentration with AEBSF.

EXAMPLE 8

Although whole blood is obtained relatively easily and in principle iscapable of providing valuable information, its use is limited byproblems in handling it for use in reliable rapid diagnostic assays. Forexample, if a diagnostic assay is based on a colorimetric reaction,hemolysis of red blood cells introduces errors. Even when the readingsare not affected by colors contributed by hemolysis, the very presenceof cell lysates is a source of error because it results in variations inthe volume of the recovered fluid fraction. It is therefore desirable toreproducibly separate cellular components of whole blood and generate astable fluid fraction for downstream applications and testing.

Chelators are a preferred choice as blood anti-coagulants. Blood from asingle individual was collected in both heparin and EDTA bloodcollection tubes. The collected blood was centrifuged to remove cellularcomponents and the supernatant (plasma) was collected. To the EDTA andheparin plasma, BNP₁₋₃₂ was added and incubated at room temperature withaliquots removed for analysis of BNP hydrolysis at 1 hour and 2 hours.BNP hydrolysis shown in FIG. 16 illustrates the result of choosing EDTAor Heparin as the anti-coagulant agent. Heparin is relativelyineffective in preventing BNP proteolysis. In the presence of EDTA BNPhydrolysis stops with the formation of the BNP₃₋₃₂

In addition to the need for preventing the hydrolysis BNP upon samplecollection, it is also important to prevent the lysis of red blood cellsduring blood collection, which would otherwise release large amounts ofcellular proteins/proteases. Therefore, blood collection with minimalcell lysis and little, if any coagulation, is preferable to avoidactivating proteases by the very act of sampling.

Illustrative results from the use of EDTA or Heparin in collection tubesthat also contain protease inhibitors are shown in FIG. 17 as reflectedin the hydrolysis of BNP. BNP remains stable for at least 2 hours atroom temperature when the blood is collected using the tubes containingEDTA and protease inhibitors AEBSF and Benzamindine.

Further, plasma samples from blood sampled in tubes with EDTA followedwith the addition of protease inhibitors are stable as measured by thehydrolysis of BNP over at least six months when stored at −70° C. asillustrated in FIG. 18. The limited proteolysis prior to the addition ofthe protease inhibitors is preserved in the sample. The sampled plasmawas assayed for the presence of BNP fragments on the day of collectionand then six month later. As is seen, the ratio of BNP₃₋₃₂ to BNP1₋₃₂ isessentially unchanged demonstrating the stability of a sampled peptideprofile over several months duration. Hydrolysis of BNP in heparinplasma is observed to progress towards the production of BNP hydrolysisproducts smaller than the BNP₃₋₃₂, as shown in FIG. 16, while in theEDTA plasma the hydrolysis stops at the formation of the BNP₃₋₃₂ as isshown in FIG. 19. This may reflect the presence of metalloproteinases inheparinized blood.

Hence, preferred blood collection tubes used for the collection ofplasma samples for BNP analysis are EDTA blood collection tubescontaining about 10 mM AEBSF and 20 mM Benzamidine.

EXAMPLE 9

The effectiveness in preserving a sampled profile of interest by thedisclosed approach is illustrated by examining the effect of possibleproteases on BNP fragments. Although the proteases responsible for thehydrolysis of BNP likely exist in collected samples, samples collectedin tubes containing the disclosed composition of chelators and proteaseinhibitors do not continue to undergo further proteolysis as is seen byexamining BNP fragments for further proteolysis.

Therefore, the disclosed method, compositions and devices prevent thefurther hydrolysis of BNP species created in vivo, thus freezing thesampled profile at the point of blood collection. This is demonstratedby studying the effect on some of the BNP hydrolysis products.

To examine this, BNP peptides corresponding to those previouslyidentified as products resulting from the hydrolysis of BNP₁₋₃₂ weresynthesized and added to EDTA plasma treated with 10 mM AEBSF and 20 mMBenzamidine. An aliquot of the sample was analyzed for the added BNPpeptides soon after the addition of the peptides to the plasma, whilethe rest of the plasma was stored at −70° C. for 7 weeks. After 7 weeksof storage the plasma was removed from the freezer, thawed and analyzedfor the existence of the added BNP peptides. A comparison of the profileof BNP species from the two samples FIG. 20, shows that the ratiosbetween the BNP peptides remain the same over the 7-week period.

EXAMPLE 10

To further confirm the ability of the developed collection protocol toavert BNP hydrolysis and preserve the sample at the time of bloodcollection,

Blood was collected from two consenting individuals, of which one wasdiagnosed with NYHA class IV heart failure while the other individualwas determined to not exhibit HF. Blood samples from each were collectedusing the disclosed chelator-protease inhibitor blood collection tubescontaining AEBSF and Benzamidine at levels high enough to provideconcentrations in whole blood at 10 mM and 20 mM, respectively. Alsoadded was a defined amount of biotinylated BNP to aid in quantitation byproviding an internal control.

Plasma from both individuals was analyzed for BNP related peptides.Illustrative results from this analysis are shown in FIG. 21. Incomparison of the two mass spectra, one can easily identify the presenceof the BNP species in the upper spectrum based upon the dominant peakswith intensities at a significant fraction of the internal reference(biotinylated BNP, bBNP) or greater. Based upon the mass, the peaks wereidentified as corresponding to BNP₁₋₃₂, BNP₃₋₃₂, BNP₂₋₃₁ and BNP₅₋₃₂.

Notably, as of present, there has been no known method for detecting thevarious BNP-related peptides separate from BNP₁₋₃₂. This providesevidence of the utility of the disclosed sampling method, compositionand device for sampling a protein profile of interest at the time ofblood collection. Preferably the profile is of peptides related to anatriuretic peptide.

Also disclosed herein are a number of devices or modification thereto toimprove the sampling of blood and plasma. This is of particular interestin designing and deploying point-of-care devices to test for a peptideof interest. Preferably, the peptide is a natriuretic peptide or aprecursor or fragment related thereto, such as BNP, pro-BNP or BNP₁₋₇₆.

The ability to measure a wide variety of physiologically activesubstances, both naturally occurring and synthetic, has assumedincreasing importance as an adjunct to both diagnosis and therapy. Whilefor the most part such assays require clinical laboratorydeterminations, there is an increasing demand for point-of-care devicesor even home testing. Depicted in FIG. 22 are schematic representationsof some devices for collection of blood, preparation of a fluid fractionor for integrated assays for a substance of interest.

Schematically shown in FIG. 22, is a point-of-care device/component2200, which has a port 2205 for receiving blood or another biologicalfluid. The applied fluid is filtered through a layer 2210, which isimpregnated with the disclosed composition or a variant thereof. Thefluid fraction flows as shown by arrow 2215 towards the portion 2220,which may be the analytical side of device 2200 or a reservoir for theseparated fluid. This structure may be incorporated into a microfluidicsdevice. Other variations include the use of the disclosed compositionsin a liquid form and the use of additional ports in device 2200 toprovide for washes and other steps.

Device 2225 is evacuated tube 2235 sealed by cap 2230, which is piercedto introduce a biological fluid. Alternatively, Device 2225 may just bea tube with cap 2230. Device 2225 is capable of holding a biologicalfluid sample with the proteolysis arrested as described herein due tothe presence of disclosed composition 2240, preferably in a solid form.Disclosed composition 2240 may include stabilizers and bufferingsubstances. Device 2225 is suitable for later laboratory analysisincluding tests for other substances such as glucose, metabolites orcontrolled substances in addition to preserving the protein profile ofthe sampled liquid.

It should be noted that the devices disclosed herein may include, withno loss of generality, additional protease inhibitors in combinationwith the disclosed composition. The composition is for use at arecommended final concentration, and accordingly markings may beprovided for the final fluid level in a device similar to Device 2225.Further, composition 2240 in device 2225 may be a liquid, a powder or alyophilized preparation. Some additional non-exhaustive description ofdevices modified by the use of the disclosed compositions follows.

In another preferred embodiment, the disclosed composition in acomponent of a dry chemical layer or a receiving layer anterior to it.By including the disclosed composition in the dry chemical layer or alayer anterior to it allows harvesting of a fluid fraction withoutchanges in the protein profile due to proteolysis or adduct formation.Dry chemical layers may include analytes like conjugated antibodies. Inone such device developed by EPOCAL™ a sample is applied to the samplereceiving layer to form complexes that are retained in a detection zone.Detection is based on enzymatic activity of the retained complexes in aone-step immunoassay product platform or an immunochromatographic strip.

It is highly desirable that such devices are fast, reproducible, andeasy to use with few or no complicated procedures. Further, the devicesshould produce results that are easy to readable, accurate with thedevices themselves being capable of being manufactured in massquantities at a low per unit cost.

Attempts have been made to develop rapid diagnostics for the direct useof whole blood. For example, test papers coated with semi-permeablemembranes to prevent the contact of larger components of the sample tocontact the test paper have been developed (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.3,092,465). Another example is the use of swellable films into whichonly the dissolved components of the blood, but not the erythrocytes,can penetrate (see, e.g., Federal Republic of Germany PatentSpecification No. 15 98 153). In accordance with this disclosure, suchdevices should be modified with the addition of disclosed proteaseinhibitor and chelator compositions into the relevant matrices such asthe papers and gels.

A conventional manner of separating the fluid fraction from erythrocytesis centrifugation. However, especially in the case of using smallamounts of sample, such as 50 microliters or even less than a few microliters, this gives rise to problems and the separation of supernatantand precipitated cellular components. Further, conventional methodsrequire more handling time by the doctor, nurse, technician, or tester.Such additional handling is generally undesirable for efficiency as wellas hygienic reasons. Moreover, in some point-of-care situations, acentrifuge may not be available.

Some separators for separating a fluid fraction from blood cells insampled blood are known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,477,575and 4,816,224, which disclose the use of glass fibers having density of0.1 to 0.5 gm./ml with an average fiber diameter of 0.2 to 5 microns forseparating the fluid fraction from blood. Indeed, it is possible now toassay fluid samples from blood samples of the order of a few tens ofmicroliters.

Blood separation devices described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,135,719 include aglass microfiber filter or filters with agglutinin for separatingcellular components, e.g., erythrocytes, from the fluid fraction ofwhole blood. Agglutinin promotes the aggregation of blood cells andthereby improves the filtration process. The driving force for themovement of plasma from the filter to a downstream application iscapillary force provided by a tubular capillary.

Without intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that in view ofthe results disclosed herein, it is desirable to either impregnate orotherwise add the chelator-protease inhibitor composition disclosedherein to better preserve the peptide profile of interest, in particularthat of natriuretic peptides like those related to BNP.

In addition to glass fiber filters, polysulfone resins and other fibersmay be employed in blood separators. Polysulfone resins are extremelychemically resistant and also have some desirable mechanical properties.They, however, must be converted to a micro-porous structure, either inthe form of a sheet stock or as fibers, which can be impregnated (orotherwise supplemented) with the chelator-protease inhibitor compositiondisclosed herein to better preserve the peptide profile of interest, inparticular that of natriuretic peptides like those related to BNP.

Biological fluids like blisters fluid reflect the underlying plasmacomposition and thus often are suitable for assaying for peptideprofiles of interest. In addition, saliva and tears as well ascerebrospinal fluid, seminal fluid, lymph, blood, serum, sweat, blisterfluid, lung fluid, saliva, lacrimal gland secretion, or urine and thelike can be assayed for the presence and level of a peptide of interest.In the case of saliva and tears, in a preferred embodiment, freshlyinduced secretions are sampled. Fresh secretions are more likely toreflect the plasma composition and to be free of contamination as wellas exhibit acceptable reproducibility. As an example, in a preferredembodiment, citric acid or citrate are used to induce salivarysecretions on cue. Similarly, many known agents can induce tearsecretion from the lacrimal gland without causing excessive discomfortto the subject. Further, it should be noted that while serum is notemployed as the biological fluid in a preferred embodiment, it ispossible to use serum with safeguards against proteolysis such as theuse of specific inhibitors of metalloproteinases and rapid preparationof a serum fluid fraction, preferably without appreciable cell lysis.

The level of peptides and proteins in each fluid fraction so obtaineddepends on the manner in which the fluid is secreted or formed in thebody. In most instances, the composition of the biological fluid isrelated to plasma with modifications due to filtration of proteins,secretion of proteins into the fluid and active transport to control theionic composition. An example of an extensively modified version ofplasma is urine, which is formed in the kidneys by first filtering outof proteins and other large blood constituents followed by re-absorptionof most of the water and then of ions along with glucose and a few otherconstituents to form urine which is highly enriched in end-products thatneed to be excreted.

Once a fluid fraction is obtained, it can be assayed relatively rapidlyor stored for subsequent assays. Such assays may include detection ofpeptide fragments of interest by initial separation from the fluidfraction with antibodies, followed by assaying for mass or mobility ofthe separated fragments. Some techniques of interest areelectrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, mass spectrometry, and the like.

In addition, it is possible to characterize a fragment by means of asandwich assay in which another antibody or molecule or complexes withaffinity to the now relatively purified molecule are used to detect thespecific peptide(s) of interest. Some methods of detection may includetechniques such as magneto-acoustic detection, in which change in thefrequency due to a change in bound mass is detected in a system thatcombines the purification step with the detection step. Alternativelychemiluminescence, fluorescence, or enzymatic end results may be used toquantitate a peptide of interest, including in a microfluidicimplementation.

Also disclosed herein are methods for sampling a protein profile in abiological fluid of interest. In such a method, some preferred stepsinclude adding an effective amount of metal chelator to a sample of thebiological fluid, as well as adding an effective amount of a firstprotease inhibitor suitable for inactivating serine proteases; andadding an effective amount of a second protease inhibitor selected fromthe group consisting of a lysosomal protease inhibitor and an additionalbroad spectrum serine protease inhibitor, whereby the sampled proteinprofile is essentially unmodified by the formation of adducts.

Such a sample may be stored for at least six months at seventy degreescentigrade below zero or for at least two hours at room temperature.

The method may further include modifying diagnostic and blood/fluidsampling devices with the disclosed composition. The method may furtherinclude using the disclosed compositions in assaying for tissue samples,including those from a biopsy, such as that of kidney tissue. In thecontext of natriuretic peptides like BNP, a kidney biopsy may be used toestimate the level of cGMP, which is generated intracellularly due tothe action of circulating ANP or BNP. In addition, the local level ofnatriuretic peptides, or receptors therefore, can be estimated and theresponsiveness to natriuretic peptides also estimated to betterunderstand kidney function.

It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein arefor illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changesin light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and areto be included within the spirit and purview of this application andscope of the appended claims.

All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein arehereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

We claim:
 1. A method of sampling a protein profile in a biologicalfluid of interest, comprising: adding an effective amount of chelator toa sample of the biological fluid; adding an effective amount of a firstprotease inhibitor selected from the group consisting of leupeptin andbenzamidine; and adding a second protease inhibitor, based on sulfonylfluoride, suitable for inactivating serine proteases, at a concentrationof about 10 mM, whereby the sampled protein profile is essentiallyunmodified by the formation of adducts by a combination of the effectiveamount of the first protease inhibitor and the second protease inhibitorin combination.
 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein a fluidfraction of the sampled biological fluid is stored at one or more ofseventy degrees centigrade below zero, below zero degrees centigrade, attwo to four degrees centigrade, and room temperature.
 3. A methodaccording to claim 1, wherein the biological fluid is sampled by addingthe chelator followed by one or more of the first protease inhibitor andthe second protease inhibitor.
 4. A method according to claim 1, whereinthe biological fluid is blood or urine.
 5. A method according to claim1, wherein the second protease inhibitor is AEBSF.
 6. A method accordingto claim 5, wherein AEBSF is at a concentration of about 10 mM andbenzamidine is at a concentration of about 20 mM in a sampled biologicalfluid; or AEBSF is at a concentration of about 2.5 mM and leupeptin isat a concentration of about 2.5 mM.
 7. A method according to claim 1,wherein the second protease inhibitor is AEBSF present at aconcentration of about 10 mM and benzamidine is at a concentration ofabout 20 mM in the sampled biological fluid, or AEBSF is at aconcentration of about 2.5 mM and leupeptin as the second proteaseinhibitor is at a concentration of about 2.5 mM.